Expanding College Opportunity:

More Access, Greater Achievement, Higher Expectations

U.S. Department of Education

June 10, 2000

More and more, college is the gateway to the American Dream. Education may be the most important investment we make in our lifetimes. It holds the key to good citizenship, enriched lives, and economic prosperity—both for ourselves as individuals and for us as a nation.

The economic returns to college are higher than ever before, and more Americans than ever are going to college. In 1998, young men who completed at least a bachelor's degree earned 150 percent the salary of their peers with no more than a high school diploma—and young women earned twice as much if they had graduated from college. A college graduate earns $600,000 more over a lifetime, on average, than a high school graduate. And the real rate of return on a college investment is 12 percent—nearly twice the historical average of the stock market.

Over the past seven years, we have more than doubled our investment in student aid. As a nation, we need to help America's parents pay for their children's college education and their own continuing education. For seven years, President Clinton and Vice President Gore have sought to make colleges and universities, community colleges, and trade schools universally affordable for all Americans. The Clinton-Gore approach is three-pronged:

• More college scholarships. The new Hope Scholarship tax credit provides up to $1,500 in tax relief for the first two years of college, saving 2.6 million families $2.6 billion in 1998. The Lifetime Learning credit—which provides up to $1,000 for juniors and seniors, graduate students, and adults seeking job training—gave 2.3 million families $800 million in tax relief in 1998. Over 3.8 million needy students receive up to $3,300 in Pell Grant scholarships, a $1,000 larger maximum grant than in 1993. Since 1994, over 150,000 AmeriCorps members have earned nearly $400 million for college while serving their communities.

• More affordable student loans. This Administration has introduced lower fees and interest rates that have saved the average borrower over $500; more flexible repayment terms, including the option to repay as a share of income; and a restored tax deduction for student loan interest. The new Direct Student Loan program—established in 1994—bypasses federally guaranteed lenders to deliver loans to students more quickly, simply, and cheaply. Together, students and taxpayers have already saved $15 billion through student loan reforms.

The Clinton-Gore commitment to opening the doors of college is the largest investment in higher education since the G.I. Bill. College is affordable for all Americans, and more and more of us are benefiting from it. The evidence is in:

• More Americans are going to college than ever before: Sixty-six percent of 1998 high school graduates enrolled in college or trade school the next fall, compared to only 60 percent in 1990. Although low-income and minority students continue to go straight to college at significantly lower rates than high-income and white students, the gaps have narrowed since the 1970s and 1980s.

• More high school students are preparing themselves for college: The percentage of high school graduates who have taken four years of English and three years each of math, science, and social studies increased from 38 percent to 55 percent. This increasing academic rigor is heartening because the intensity and quality of high school curricula are dominant determinants of degree completion. Also, SAT scores, especially in math, have gone up over the past 10 years, and the number of test takers reached an all-time high last year—even as a larger and more diverse group of students took the test.

• Fewer students are dropping out of school: During the 1990s, approximately 11-12 percent of 16- to 24-year-olds had not completed a high school program and were not enrolled in school, compared to 13-14 percent in the 1980s and over 14 percent in the 1970s. Progress has been especially strong among African Americans, whose high school completion rate now slightly exceeds the national average.

• More Americans are earning college degrees: Over 32 percent of 25- to 29-year-olds had earned at least a bachelor's degree in 1999, up from 27 percent in 1990. In particular, white and African American women have seen their college opportunities grow.

• Americans are becoming lifelong learners: Fifty percent of adults participated in formal learning in the year prior to a 1999 survey, up from 38 percent in 1991.

This report describes President Clinton and Vice President Gore's efforts to expand college scholarships, make student loans more affordable, and close the college opportunity gap. It describes the impact these efforts have had on college preparation, enrollment, and completion. Finally, it outlines the challenges that continue to face all of us who care about expanding and equalizing college opportunity.

More financial aid is available for college than ever before. Since 1993, new college tax credits and national service programs—as well as the greater availability of federal scholarships for low-income families—have opened the door to higher education for millions of students who otherwise could not afford it. The federal government will provide over $60 billion in 2001 aid, including the Hope Scholarship and Lifetime Learning tax credits, compared to only about $25 billion in 1993. Today, students are going to college in record numbers.

College and lifelong learning are more important than ever before. One hundred years ago, we passed laws requiring every child to attend school. Fifty years ago, we extended public schools to 12 years and passed the G.I. Bill to open the doors of college to middle-class Americans. Today, as we enter the 21^st century—stepping confidently into the Information Age and an era of global economic competition—we must expand postsecondary education opportunities for everyone.

• President Clinton proposed the Hope Scholarship to make two years of college affordable for all families. A $1,500 tax credit for the first two years of college, the Hope Scholarship will pay for nearly all of a typical community college's tuition and fees. When proposing the credit in 1996, President Clinton declared that "our goal must be nothing less than to make the 13th and 14th years of education as universal to all Americans as the first 12 are today." In 1998, 2.6 million families received $2.6 billion in tax relief for higher education through the Hope Scholarship.

• President Clinton also proposed the Lifetime Learning tax credit to complement the Hope Scholarship and promote lifelong education and worker training. The $1,000 Lifetime Learning credit reimburses families for 20 percent of their tuition and fees (up to $5,000 per family) for college, graduate study, or job training. Starting in 2002, the credit will reimburse families for 20 percent of their costs up to $10,000, for a maximum value of $2,000. In 1998, 2.3 million families saved $800 million on higher and continuing education through the Lifetime Learning credit.

• These credits make a difference for American families. For instance, a family earning $60,000 with one child at a community college (with a tuition of $2,000) and another child who is a sophomore at a private college (with a tuition of $11,000) would receive as much as $3,000 in tax relief under the Hope Scholarship. An automobile mechanic with an income of $30,000, taking courses at a local technical college (with a tuition of $1,200) to upgrade his computer skills would save as much as $240 using the Lifetime Learning credit.

The Clinton Administration has been dedicated to expanding scholarships for needy students. The cost of college makes a difference for students from low-income families. Some scholars believe, for instance, that a $100 increase in the cost of college decreases the enrollment of lower-income students by about 1 percent.

• Pell Grant scholarships for low-income students are the federal government's single largest commitment to equalizing college opportunities. Pell Grants—more targeted to meet financial need than any other of the Department's student aid programs—help ensure financial access to postsecondary education. Over the past quarter century, 30 million students have used a Pell Grant to help pay for college or career training.

• The Clinton Administration has increased the federal investment in Pell Grants by over 40 percent. Today, 3.8 million students receive grants of up to $3,300. When President Clinton took office in 1993, the maximum Pell Grant was $2,300. In contrast to this $1,000 increase, the maximum grant increased by only $630 during 12 years of the Reagan-Bush Administrations.

• Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants, which provide scholarships up to $4,000 to low-income students, have also been expanded under this Administration. This year, 1.1 million students will receive nearly $800 million in SEOG scholarships.

Since 1994, AmeriCorps has allowed more than 150,000 Americans to strengthen their community while earning help to pay for college. AmeriCorps members tutor children, fight crime, build houses, and do countless other things to improve lives and bring people together. AmeriCorps has made available nearly $400 million dollars to help participants achieve their dream of a college education while improving their communities.

Many working families could not afford to pay for college without college loans. Although a college education usually pays for itself in higher earnings many times over, immediate liquidity problems may be a major obstacle for many families. As a result, an accessible and affordable student loan program is essential to college access.

• More than one borrower in five defaulted within two years of graduation.
• Subsidies for lenders and guaranty agencies (intermediaries between lenders and the Department of Education) created a large and unnecessary expense for taxpayers.
• Lenders and guaranty agencies faced financial disincentives to prevent defaults or spend taxpayer dollars prudently.
• Different lenders often had different paperwork, procedures, and schedules, causing confusion and administrative burdens for students and schools.
• Lenders and guaranty agencies often reported unreliable financial data to the government.

In 1993, President Clinton revolutionized college loans by championing the Direct Student Loan program. The Direct Loan system applies free-market principles effectively: It raises capital less expensively through U.S. Treasury bond sales and delivers and services loans through competitively awarded, performance-based contracts with top-quality private firms.

For students, reform means more accessible, cheaper loans. Students now can repay their loans as a share of their income and have saved $9 billion through lower interest rates and fees.

• New flexible loan repayments. By allowing graduates to repay their loans as a share of income, Direct Lending allows students to start college without fear of being unable to repay their loans. The "income-contingent" plan also enables college graduates to undertake teaching and other public service careers.

• Lower interest rates. Student loan borrowers since 1993 will save $100 annually for each $10,000 in outstanding loans—a total of $5 billion so far—due to reductions in the interest rate formula in 1993 and 1998. The Administration also championed the lower maximum rate paid by students, reduced from 10 percent to 8.25 percent, to protect them against high interest rates.

• Lower fees. Thanks to savings from the Direct Loan program, fees on direct and guaranteed loans were reduced from up to 8 percent of loan principal in 1993 to up to 4 percent today, saving students $4 billion so far. In 1999, in recognition of widespread discounts available on guaranteed student loans, the Administration reduced direct loan fees to 3 percent.

• Easier to receive and repay. Direct loans require less application paperwork and, unlike the guaranteed program, all borrowers have just one account with a single point of contact.

• Favorable refinancing terms. Loan consolidation allows students to better manage their debt and lock in favorable loan terms. A typical member of the Class of 2000 who consolidates before July 1, 2000, will save over $1,500 on $20,000 of debt due to today's lower interest rates.

• Direct loans are much cheaper for taxpayers. By eliminating subsidy payments to lenders, direct lending has saved over $4 billion over the past five years.
• Federal costs of guaranteed loans have also fallen. Federal subsidies for banks and guaranty agencies have also been pared down, saving taxpayers an additional $2 billion.

• The default rate has fallen for seven straight years, from 22.4 percent at the start of this Administration to a record-low 8.8 percent today.
• Collections on defaulted loans have tripled, from $1 billion to $3 billion, under this Administration.

• Over 1,200 schools chose to leave the guaranteed loan program and join Direct Lending during its first three years. Direct lending offers one set of procedures, fast and reliable delivery of funds, less paperwork, electronic loan processing, and a customer service emphasis.

• Schools in the guaranteed loan program have also benefited through competition. A new and strong competitor in one of the largest financial markets in the world, the Direct Loan program inspired lenders to improve their service.

• School satisfaction with the guaranteed loan programs has increased every year since 1994, according to independent surveys.
• A senior banking executive told a trade journal that "[Direct Loans] have introduced some ways of doing business and some delivery mechanisms that made the private enterprise wake up a little bit. To be perfectly honest, as a private enterprise we thought we were doing almost an A-plus job. When we stepped back a little bit, we saw some of the things the Department of Education was doing and we realized we weren't. . . . It's been relatively good for the industry, particularly for the recipients in terms of students and schools."
• A 1999 independent assessment concluded, "Virtually no one disputes that the operation of an alternative loan program has produced a competition that inspired innovation and service—to the benefit of all borrowers and schools."

By signing a tax deduction for student loan interest into law in 1997, President Clinton complemented these reforms. This legislation—which reinstated a provision that had been repealed in the 1980s—will, for example, provide $144 in tax relief to a college graduate earning $25,000 a year and struggling to repay her $12,000 debt. This year, President Clinton asked Congress to expand the student loan interest deduction because current law covers only the first 60 months of loan repayment.

In sum, there was little competition in the student loan program in 1993. The Direct Loan program gave students and schools a choice, injecting healthy competition into the marketplace. Students have saved $9 billion in interest and fees and enjoyed new tools to manage their debt, including income-contingent repayment. Taxpayers have saved an additional $6 billion. Today we have two leaner, more competitive, customer-focused programs.

Student aid matters, but more is needed to expand college opportunities for all Americans. The Clinton Administration has substantially expanded the federal government's investment in student aid through the Hope and Lifetime Learning tax credits, cheaper and more widely available student loans, and larger Pell Grant scholarships for needy students. But too many students still limit their potential by ruling out education beyond high school. Research indicates that financial aid is not enough—we must intervene in the lives of poor and minority youth to raise their expectations and help them prepare for college, and do so early enough to make a difference.

The GEAR UP initiative is raising expectations of disadvantaged students. In his 1998 State of the Union address, President Clinton proposed a new initiative to make a difference for students in high-poverty schools. Ten months later, Congress enacted GEAR UP—Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs—with broad bipartisan support. This academic year, its first in operation, the GEAR UP initiative is giving hope, raising expectations, and creating college opportunities for over 450,000 disadvantaged children. Next year it will grow to 750,000 students, and President Clinton requested $325 million to serve 1.4 million students in 2001-02.

• GEAR UP supports partnerships of schools, colleges and universities, and community organizations to strengthen academics and tutoring, raise expectations, provide college visits and counseling, inform families about college requirements and financial aid, and often provide college scholarships. It also funds state efforts to promote college awareness and provide scholarships for needy students. Over 1,000 organizations are GEAR UP partners, including colleges and universities, libraries, arts organizations, and chambers of commerce.

• Developed based upon academic research about college success, GEAR UP has several special characteristics. GEAR UP partnerships start no later than the 7^th grade because research shows that students who take challenging coursework in middle school, including algebra, are far more likely to succeed in high school and college. Second, GEAR UP programs stay with children through high school graduation to provide long-term mentoring over a period of six or more years, helping children stay on track for college, and often providing scholarships when they reach college. Third, GEAR UP partnerships work with entire grades of students to transform their schools. And finally, they provide college scholarships, which research shows to be particularly important in preventing low-income students from dropping out.

• Research on existing programs demonstrates the value of and the need for GEAR UP.

• The I Have a Dream (IHAD) program provides an entire grade of low-income students with intensive mentoring, academic support, and a promise of public and private aid for college tuition. Roughly 75 percent of Chicago IHAD students in the class of 1996 graduated from high school, compared to only 37 percent of students in the control group.
• Project GRAD is a college-school-community partnership to improve inner-city education that has produced dramatic results on a large scale: The percentage of middle school students passing the Texas statewide math test has tripled from 21 percent in 1995 to 63 percent in 1998. Five times more students are going to college.

The Clinton Administration has also expanded the TRIO programs to promote college success. TRIO is a network of initiatives designed to help low-income, first-generation college, and disabled individuals achieve academic success beginning in middle school, throughout college, and into graduate school. Since 1993, funding for the programs has increased by two-thirds, from $388 million to $645 million. Named TRIO in the late 1960s after its first three programs—Upward Bound, Talent Search, and Student Support Services—TRIO now serves 730,000 students. The eight TRIO programs include:

• Upward Bound provides intensive mentoring and academic enrichment throughout high school to primarily low-income or first-generation college-bound youth. In 1999, over 560 Upward Bound projects engaged 42,000 students in demanding coursework and summer residential programs.
• Educational Opportunity Centers provide pre-college academic and financial aid counseling primarily for adults seeking to return to school.
• Student Support Services provides tutoring and counseling to help students stay in college.
• Talent Search provides academic, career, and financial counseling to disadvantaged students with the potential to succeed in higher education.
• The Ronald McNair Post-Baccalaureate Achievement Program provides colleges and universities with funds to subsidize research projects by low-income students to prepare them for a doctoral program.

This year, one million college students will have work-study jobs, over 250,000 more than in 1993. Federal work-study funds have increased 43 percent since 1993. Work-study jobs both expand opportunity and teach responsibility and employment skills. And through the America Reads and America Counts initiatives, work-study students at 1200 schools serve as reading and math tutors in their communities.

• Through the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994, the Administration funds state efforts to broaden young people's career options, make learning more relevant, and promote successful transitions to college and careers.

• Youth Opportunity grants are aimed at increasing the long-term employment of youth in high-poverty. In some areas of pervasive joblessness, the Department of Labor found that only one out-of-school youth in four had a job. Youth Opportunity grants take a saturation approach to bring about community-wide change, promoting economic development, reducing drop-outs, decreasing crime, and increasing post-secondary enrollment. Youth Opportunity grants now serve over 58,000 youth.

• The Administration's Think College Early campaign provides accessible guidance to students and their families as they plan for college. The campaign targets the nation's 19 million adolescents, 20 percent of whom live in poverty. Recognizing that disproportionate numbers of low-income students and minority students attend two-year colleges, Think College Early encourages all students to pursue admission to a four-year college. A brochure available at the Department's web site, Think College? Me? Now?, emphasizes the importance of college preparatory coursework and early financial planning for college. In particular, the campaign urges students to take algebra by the 8th grade, as students who gain early exposure to high school math are far more likely to go to a four-year college than those who do not.

• The new College Opportunities On-Line (COOL) web site at the Department of Education informs students and their families about their college options. By displaying information on 9,000 colleges—from small technical colleges to the nation's largest and most prestigious universities—the COOL site helps families make informed decisions and creates an incentive for colleges to reduce tuition prices. For each college, the web site provides tuition and financial aid statistics, information on the most recent incoming freshman class, a list of the degrees offered, the available fields of study, and contact information for the college's departments. The web site is available through www.ed.gov.

• To encourage low-income students to take AP classes and tests, the Administration's Advanced Placement Incentive Program will provide $15 million in competitive grants this year to 40 states. Schools use the funds to pay test fees for low-income students, tutoring, classroom materials, and other innovative methods to boost the number and quality of AP classes and participation by low-income students. Since 1998, over 92,000 low-income students have benefited from the program, and this year, over 80,000 more students will benefit from funds to offset the cost of AP exams. Federal support has also encouraged many schools that had not participated in the AP program to begin offering AP courses.

• Through high academic standards for all children, President Clinton has sought to raise expectations and measure results over the past seven years —no longer tolerating lower standards for children living in poverty, with disabilities, or with limited English proficiency.
• To improve teacher quality, this Administration has invested in the recruitment, preparation, mentoring, and support of new teachers for the first time in 30 years. It has promoted rigorous standards, supported high quality professional development, and vigorously called for a complete reform of the teaching profession at every level. In 1999, the Administration launched its initiative to hire 100,000 teachers for the early grades to reduce class sizes and strengthen reading and early childhood development.

President Clinton and Vice President Gore have worked hard to expand college opportunity, and our country has seen remarkable results. As the benefits of college, high academic standards, and student aid grow, so too do high school and college completion rates. Although a "college opportunity gap" still faces many minority and low-income students, our society is making headway in promoting equal educational opportunity for all our citizens.

The real rate of return on a college investment is 12 percent— nearly twice the historical average of the stock market. This figure is based on only earnings; the documented benefits of higher education such as job benefits, better health, and more informed investments and purchases might double the value of higher education. Finally, society's return on its investment in higher education, in higher tax revenues and lower crime and welfare rates, is also roughly 12 percent.

The economic power of higher education is growing steadily, especially for women, as technology and knowledge increasingly drive our nation's economy. Whereas young men and women in 1980 who completed at least a bachelor's degree earned 19 percent and 52 percent more, respectively, than their peers with no more than a high school diploma, by 1998 the earnings gap had grown to 56 percent among men and 100 percent among women. In other words, women with a bachelor's or higher degree now earn twice as much as women with no more than a high school diploma. Similarly, young adults with only a high school diploma earned 30 percent more than young adults who dropped out of high school.

Jobs that require a college degree are growing twice as fast as others. The 20 occupations with the highest earnings all require at least a bachelor's degree. The growing importance of education is illustrated by the demand for technology skills: In 1997, for example, information-technology workers earned 78 percent more than workers in all industries combined—up from 56 percent above average in 1989.

Higher levels of education encourage additional education over a lifetime—an increasingly important activity in an age of rapid technological and economic change.

• Overall, among adults age 18 or older, participation in some type of formal learning activity during the past 12 months rose from 38 percent in 1991 to 50 percent in 1999.
• In 1999, 65 percent of adults with a bachelor's or higher degree participated in a formal learning activity within the past 12 months, compared to only 41 percent of those with a high school diploma and only 27 percent of those who had finished middle school but not high school.

Finally, higher levels of education are associated with more active citizenship. In the 1998 congressional elections, college graduates between 25 and 44 years old were 77 percent more likely to vote than high school graduates. High school dropouts were 52 percent less likely to vote than high school graduates. Voting patterns in the 1996 presidential election were similar.

Fewer students drop out of school than in the 1980s and 1970s. During the 1990s, around 11 to 12 percent of 16- to 24-year-olds had not completed a high school program and were not enrolled in school, compared to 13 percent to 14 percent in the 1980s and over 14 percent in the 1970s. In 1998 and 1999, around 88 percent of 25- to 29-year-olds had completed high school.

Progress has been especially strong among African Americans, whose high school completion rate now slightly exceeds the national average. While there has been some progress, the dropout rate among Hispanic youth remains too high. During the 1990s, around 30 percent of Hispanic 16- to 24-year-olds had not completed a high school program and were not enrolled in school, down only slightly from around 33 percent during the 1970s.

Academic intensity of students high school curriculum is a dominant determinant of whether they will earn a college degree, according to U.S. Department of Education research. Rigor of curriculum is a better predictor of college completion than test scores or class rank and GPA, and the positive impact of the high school curriculum is far more pronounced for African-American and Hispanic students than any other pre-college indicator of academic resources.

So it is heartening that students who finish high school are better prepared for college than they were a decade ago. Between 1990 and 1998, the percentage of high school graduates who have taken four years of English and three years each of math, science, and social studies increased from 38 percent to 55 percent, with large increases across all racial and ethnic groups.

Advanced Placement test-taking is at an all-time high. In 1999, over 704,000 students took college-level AP exams; 55 percent of the test-takers were women and 30 percent were minority students, including the highest proportions of African American and Hispanic students ever. Fifty-six percent of high schools offer AP classes today, compared to only 40 percent in 1989. As a result, more students are entering college with experience in college-level curriculum than ever before.

Scores on the Scholastic Assessment Test are rising. SAT scores, especially in math, have gone up over the past 10 years, and the number of test-takers reached an all-time high last year—even as a larger and more diverse group of students took the test. Average verbal and math scores have risen among all racial and ethnic groups except Mexican Americans and Hispanics/Latinos.

High school graduates are enrolling in college in record numbers. The percentage of high school graduates going straight to college rose from 60 percent in 1990 to 66 percent in 1998. These rates of college-going exceed comparable rates during the 1980s, when only 50 percent to 60 percent of high school graduates immediately enrolled in college.

More Americans are earning college degrees. The percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds with a bachelor's or higher degree rose from 27 percent in 1990 to over 32 percent in 1999. Progress among white women account for much of this gain; while less than 29 percent of white women had completed a bachelor's degree in 1990, over 37 percent had done so in 1999. African American women have also made substantial progress; around 19 percent had completed a bachelor's degree in 1999, up from 13 percent to 14 percent at the start of the decade. However, African American men and Hispanic men and women have not shown consistently strong gains over this period. The rates of degree attainment for these groups continue to hover at roughly half the rates for whites.

Educational attainment among women increased rapidly over the past decade, continuing a trend beginning in the 1970s. Their rates of educational attainment have increased more rapidly than rates among men. By 1999, among 25- to 29-year-olds, women had higher rates than men for completing high school and some college, and there were no differences in the percentages of men and women with a bachelor's or higher degree.

We can all be proud of our colleges and universities. They are preparing more of our youth from more diverse backgrounds for a more challenging future than ever before. Two-thirds of our high school graduates are immediately enrolling in college and trade school, the most ever. And workers with a bachelor's degree earn 50 to 100 percent more than do their peers with only a high school diploma.

Yet as we enter the 21st century, we face new challenges. We must redouble our efforts to help all students who enter college or trade school earn their degrees and certificates. More than one-third of students who enter college or trade school drop out before they earn a certificate or degree. The problem is particularly acute among minorities: 29 to 31 percent of African Americans and Hispanics drop out of college in their first year, compared to 18 percent of whites.

• The College Opportunity Tax Cut to allow families to save up to $2,800 by deducting $10,000 in college tuition from their taxes. Investments in human capital deserve the same favorable tax treatment as those in equipment. The College Opportunity Tax Cut would save American families $30 billion over the next 10 years.
• More student aid, including a $716 million investment in Pell Grants to increase the maximum grant to $3,500, and substantial increases for Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants and Federal Work-Study.
• A $325 million investment in GEAR UP, a $125 million increase, to mentor 1.4 million disadvantaged students on their way to college, and an $80 million increase for the TRIO programs for low-income and first-generation college students.
• College Completion Challenge grants to reduce college drop out rates through increased scholarship aid and pre-freshman summer "bridge" programs.
• The Dual Degree initiative to increase opportunities for minority students to earn advanced degrees.
• Critical investments in elementary and secondary education. The President asked Congress to reduce class sizes in the early grades, modernize our school facilities, provide high-quality after-school and summer school learning opportunities, and invest in quality teachers. All students ought to be held to high academic expectations.
• Increase economic opportunities for disadvantaged youth. The President's budget would increase our investment in Youth Opportunity Grants from $250 million to $375 million, serving 25,000 more youth in high-poverty areas. The budget would provide funds to employ 3,330 young high school drop-outs to build houses through YouthBuild, increasing employment skills and creating housing for low-income and homeless families. Finally, the President asked Congress to increase our investment in Job Corps—the nation's largest and most comprehensive residential education and job training program for impoverished young people—to nearly $1.4 billion.

Over the past seven years, President Clinton and Vice President Gore have implemented an unprecedented array of initiatives to expand college opportunities. The new Hope Scholarship and Lifetime Learning tax credits provide $3.5 billion in tax relief for college. The Direct Student Loan program has saved students and taxpayers a total of $15 billion. Student loans are cheaper and can be repaid based on the ability to pay.

AmeriCorps has given over 150,000 young people the chance to earn their way through college by serving their country and their communities. The GEAR UP initiative is raising college aspirations for 450,000 at-risk teenagers. And more needy students receive larger Pell Grants scholarships.

APPENDIX

SOURCE: National Center for Education Statistics, The Condition of Education 2000, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2000, p. 34.

Source: NCES, Digest of Education Statistics 1999, p. 156 (Table 142).